Research Article
Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books
- Jean-Baptiste Michel1,2,3,4,5,*,†,
- Yuan Kui Shen2,6,7,
- Aviva Presser Aiden2,6,8,
- Adrian Veres2,6,9,
- Matthew K. Gray10,
- The Google Books Team10,
- Joseph P. Pickett11,
- Dale Hoiberg12,
- Dan Clancy10,
- Peter Norvig10,
- Jon Orwant10,
- Steven Pinker5,
- Martin A. Nowak1,13,14,
- Erez Lieberman Aiden1,2,6,14,15,16,17,*,†
- 1Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- 2Cultural Observatory, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- 3Institute for Quantitative Social Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- 4Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- 5Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- 6Laboratory-at-Large, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- 7Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- 8Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- 9Harvard College, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- 10Google, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
- 11Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, MA 02116, USA.
- 12Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago, IL 60654, USA.
- 13Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- 14Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- 15Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- 16School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- 17Harvard Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- ↵†To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jb.michel{at}gmail.com (J.-B.M.); erez{at}erez.com (E.L.A.)
-
↵* These authors contributed equally to this work.
Science 14 Jan 2011:
Vol. 331, Issue 6014, pp. 176-182
DOI: 10.1126/science.1199644
Vol. 331, Issue 6014, pp. 176-182
DOI: 10.1126/science.1199644
Jean-Baptiste Michel
Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Cultural Observatory, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Institute for Quantitative Social Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Yuan Kui Shen
Cultural Observatory, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Laboratory-at-Large, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Aviva Presser Aiden
Cultural Observatory, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Laboratory-at-Large, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
Adrian Veres
Cultural Observatory, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Laboratory-at-Large, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Harvard College, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Matthew K. Gray
Google, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
Google, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
Joseph P. Pickett
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, MA 02116, USA.
Dale Hoiberg
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago, IL 60654, USA.
Dan Clancy
Google, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
Peter Norvig
Google, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
Jon Orwant
Google, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
Steven Pinker
Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Martin A. Nowak
Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Erez Lieberman Aiden
Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Cultural Observatory, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Laboratory-at-Large, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Harvard Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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