A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward

W. Schultz is at the Institute of Physiology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. E-mail: Wolfram.Schultz{at}unifr.ch
P. Dayan is in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Center for Biological and Computational Learning, E-25 MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. E-mail: dayan{at}ai.mit.edu
P. R. Montague is in the Division of Neuroscience, Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA. E-mail: read{at}bcm.tmc.edu

↵* To whom correspondence should be addressed.

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Jan 1999	18	29	2
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Jun 2008	190	122	139
Jul 2008	169	76	97
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Jun 2010	252	114	107
Jul 2010	179	85	95
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Jun 2011	259	113	98
Jul 2011	308	103	100
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Sep 2011	218	142	104
Oct 2011	319	164	130
Nov 2011	419	140	125
Dec 2011	272	88	95
Jan 2012	335	76	138
Feb 2012	358	87	129
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Apr 2012	423	104	129
May 2012	357	106	104
Jun 2012	306	100	98
Jul 2012	234	142	122
Aug 2012	302	99	92
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Oct 2012	426	137	115
Nov 2012	432	151	136
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Jan 2013	390	156	126
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Mar 2013	491	198	158
Apr 2013	650	156	134
May 2013	508	170	147
Jun 2013	338	122	128
Jul 2013	317	125	114
Aug 2013	351	159	130
Sep 2013	444	189	120
Oct 2013	618	261	172
Nov 2013	635	223	120
Dec 2013	845	206	141
Jan 2014	876	220	124
Feb 2014	543	326	147
Mar 2014	650	378	157
Apr 2014	662	246	139
May 2014	693	437	217
Jun 2014	436	208	119
Jul 2014	504	88	86
Aug 2014	481	95	85
Sep 2014	555	215	133
Oct 2014	651	300	174
Nov 2014	767	224	156
Dec 2014	507	184	114
Jan 2015	617	232	169
Feb 2015	538	271	166
Mar 2015	765	278	153
Apr 2015	672	293	167
May 2015	666	346	164
Jun 2015	418	140	111
Jul 2015	385	167	114
Aug 2015	391	138	93
Sep 2015	572	245	144
Oct 2015	612	262	146
Nov 2015	627	198	138
Dec 2015	572	190	132
Jan 2016	537	173	128
Feb 2016	646	113	109
Mar 2016	717	138	181
Apr 2016	719	153	150
May 2016	667	157	157
Jun 2016	540	107	136
Jul 2016	450	74	93
Aug 2016	469	66	92
Sep 2016	478	93	109
Oct 2016	687	128	213
Nov 2016	663	139	161
Dec 2016	649	115	120
Jan 2017	662	127	146
Feb 2017	709	169	198
Mar 2017	807	174	170
Apr 2017	677	175	189
May 2017	640	142	183
Jun 2017	449	90	129
Jul 2017	470	75	95
Aug 2017	585	81	119
Sep 2017	591	121	165
Oct 2017	763	226	197
Nov 2017	906	197	199
Dec 2017	638	144	151
Jan 2018	3082	225	233
Feb 2018	3470	169	216
Mar 2018	3099	232	196
Apr 2018	3234	265	251
May 2018	2923	241	239
Jun 2018	2402	96	167
Jul 2018	2893	124	141
Aug 2018	1893	266	172
Sep 2018	1749	361	224
Oct 2018	2324	495	278
Nov 2018	927	437	231
Dec 2018	422	349	170
Jan 2019	431	382	199
Feb 2019	431	428	255
Mar 2019	450	467	255
Apr 2019	477	523	292
May 2019	397	513	288
Jun 2019	326	297	171
Jul 2019	558	302	192
Aug 2019	543	267	199
Sep 2019	318	293	187
Oct 2019	146	108	54

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A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward

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