25Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.
26Unidad de Investigación Ecología Terrestre, Centro Nacional Patagónico–CONICET, Boulevard Brown 2915, 9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina.
27Patagonian and Andean Steppe Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Boulevard Brown 2915, 9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina.
28Centre for Biodiversity & Restoration Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
29Systematics Lab, School of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
30Center for Biodiversity and Biosecurity Studies, Pacific Institute for Sustainable Development, Jalan Bumi Nyiur 101, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
31Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000 SM de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
32P.O. Box 47074, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
33Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica.
34Sección de Zoología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13, No. 100-00, Cali, Colombia.
35Earthwatch Institute, 256 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7DE, UK.
36Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, Scotland, UK.
3747B Lewisham Hill, London SE13 7PL, UK.
38Laboratorio de Herpetologia, Universidad del Valle, Carrera 51, No. 8H-15, Cali, Colombia.
39WWF Italy–Species Office, Via Po 25/c 00198 Rome, Italy.
41Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
42Bio-Amazonia Conservation International, 1295 William Street, Baltimore, MD 21230, USA.
43Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Depto Ciências Pesqueiras, Manaus, AM 60700, Brazil.
44National Museum of Marine Biology and aquarium, 2 Houwan Road, Checheng, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, R.O.C.
45United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK.
46Department of Animal and Human Biology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale dell’Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italy.
47Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Goerlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Goerlitz, Germany.
48National Marine Fisheries Service Systematics Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-0153, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA.
80Route de la Baroche 12, 2952 Cornol, Switzerland.
81Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, 6 Science Drive 2, #03-01, 117546, Singapore.
82Norwegian Polar Institute, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
83Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 33, Moscow 119071, Russia.
84Laboratorio de Biogeografía, Escuela de Geografía, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela.
85IUCN Species Programme, c/o 406 Randolph Hill Road, Randolph, NH 03593, USA.
86Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR.
87Instituto de Herpetología, Fundación Miguel Lillo–CONICET, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 SM de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
89Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
90Instituto Nacional de Antropologia y Pensamiento Latinoamericano, 3 de Febrero 1378, 1426 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
91Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
92Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
93ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
94Department of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
95World Pheasant Association, Newcastle University Biology Field Station, Close House Estate, Heddon on the Wall, Newcastle upon Tyne NE15 0HT, UK.
96115 Suez Road, Cambridge CB1 3QD, UK.
97Wildlife Trust Alliance, Box 2031, Arusha, Tanzania.
98Zoo Outreach Organisation, 9A Lal Bahadur Colony, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641004, India.
99El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Apartado postal 63, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico sur s/n Col. María Auxiliadora, 29290, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, México.
100Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
101CAT, P.O. Box 332, Cape Neddick, ME 03902, USA.
102Division of Reptiles and Amphibians, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
103Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
104Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
105Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad Universitaria, México.
106Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 3333 North Torrey Pines Court, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
107International Sturgeon Research Institute, P.O. Box 41635-3464, Rasht, Iran.
108Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter in Cornwall, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK.
109Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy, California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco), c/o P.O. Box 202, Cambria, CA 93428, USA.
110USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, MRC 111, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013, USA.
111Chelonian Research Foundation, 168 Goodrich Street, Lunenburg, MA 01462, USA.
112Herpetology Department, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
114German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH, Pasaje Bernardo Alcedo N° 150, piso 4, El Olivar, San Isidro, Lima 27, Perú.
115Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Veintimilla, Quito, Ecuador.
116School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong SAR.
117Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Aggregations, 9888 Caroll Centre Road, Suite 102, San Diego, CA 92126, USA.
118School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Darling Building, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
119Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, México.
120Big Island Invasive Species Committee, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai’i, 23 East Kawili Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
121Sirenian International, 200 Stonewall Drive, Fredericksburg, VA 22401, USA.
122Department of Biology, P.O. Box 8042, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA.
134Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
135Vertebrate Research Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Gyoungseo-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon 404-708, South Korea.
136South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, P/Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
137Departamento de Zoologia, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina.
138Emilio Goeldi Museum, Av. Perimetral, 1901, Belém, Pará 66017-970, Brazil.
139Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil.
140Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 6553, Santiago, Chile.
141Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
142Chengdu Institute of Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.
143Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
145Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA.
146Global Environment Facility, 1818 H Street NW, G 6-602, Washington, DC 20433, USA.
147Department of Zoology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
148Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7PY, UK.
149IUCN, 28 Rue Mauverney, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland.
150North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Upton-by-Chester, Chester CH2 1LH, UK.
151Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela, and Provita, Apartado 47552, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela.
152Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, P/Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
153National Wildlife Federation, 901 E Street NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20004, USA.
154Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
155Al Ain Wildlife Park & Resort, P.O. Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
↵*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mike.hoffmann{at}iucn.org
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Science 10 Dec 2010: Vol. 330, Issue 6010, pp. 1503-1509 DOI: 10.1126/science.1194442
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Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world’s vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer to extinction each year. However, this overall pattern conceals the impact of conservation successes, and we show that the rate of deterioration would have been at least one-fifth again as much in the absence of these. Nonetheless, current conservation efforts remain insufficient to offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss in these groups: agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species.
The Impact of Conservation on the Status of the World’s Vertebrates
By Michael Hoffmann, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Ariadne Angulo, Monika Böhm, Thomas M. Brooks, Stuart H. M. Butchart, Kent E. Carpenter, Janice Chanson, Ben Collen, Neil A. Cox, William R. T. Darwall, Nicholas K. Dulvy, Lucy R. Harrison, Vineet Katariya, Caroline M. Pollock, Suhel Quader, Nadia I. Richman, Ana S. L. Rodrigues, Marcelo F. Tognelli, Jean-Christophe Vié, John M. Aguiar, David J. Allen, Gerald R. Allen, Giovanni Amori, Natalia B. Ananjeva, Franco Andreone, Paul Andrew, Aida Luz Aquino Ortiz, Jonathan E. M. Baillie, Ricardo Baldi, Ben D. Bell, S. D. Biju, Jeremy P. Bird, Patricia Black-Decima, J. Julian Blanc, Federico Bolaños, Wilmar Bolivar-G., Ian J. Burfield, James A. Burton, David R. Capper, Fernando Castro, Gianluca Catullo, Rachel D. Cavanagh, Alan Channing, Ning Labbish Chao, Anna M. Chenery, Federica Chiozza, Viola Clausnitzer, Nigel J. Collar, Leah C. Collett, Bruce B. Collette, Claudia F. Cortez Fernandez, Matthew T. Craig, Michael J. Crosby, Neil Cumberlidge, Annabelle Cuttelod, Andrew E. Derocher, Arvin C. Diesmos, John S. Donaldson, J. W. Duckworth, Guy Dutson, S. K. Dutta, Richard H. Emslie, Aljos Farjon, Sarah Fowler, Jörg Freyhof, David L. Garshelis, Justin Gerlach, David J. Gower, Tandora D. Grant, Geoffrey A. Hammerson, Richard B. Harris, Lawrence R. Heaney, S. Blair Hedges, Jean-Marc Hero, Baz Hughes, Syed Ainul Hussain, Javier Icochea M., Robert F. Inger, Nobuo Ishii, Djoko T. Iskandar, Richard K. B. Jenkins, Yoshio Kaneko, Maurice Kottelat, Kit M. Kovacs, Sergius L. Kuzmin, Enrique La Marca, John F. Lamoreux, Michael W. N. Lau, Esteban O. Lavilla, Kristin Leus, Rebecca L. Lewison, Gabriela Lichtenstein, Suzanne R. Livingstone, Vimoksalehi Lukoschek, David P. Mallon, Philip J. K. McGowan, Anna McIvor, Patricia D. Moehlman, Sanjay Molur, Antonio Muñoz Alonso, John A. Musick, Kristin Nowell, Ronald A. Nussbaum, Wanda Olech, Nikolay L. Orlov, Theodore J. Papenfuss, Gabriela Parra-Olea, William F. Perrin, Beth A. Polidoro, Mohammad Pourkazemi, Paul A. Racey, James S. Ragle, Mala Ram, Galen Rathbun, Robert P. Reynolds, Anders G. J. Rhodin, Stephen J. Richards, Lily O. Rodríguez, Santiago R. Ron, Carlo Rondinini, Anthony B. Rylands, Yvonne Sadovy de Mitcheson, Jonnell C. Sanciangco, Kate L. Sanders, Georgina Santos-Barrera, Jan Schipper, Caryn Self-Sullivan, Yichuan Shi, Alan Shoemaker, Frederick T. Short, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, Débora L. Silvano, Kevin G. Smith, Andrew T. Smith, Jos Snoeks, Alison J. Stattersfield, Andrew J. Symes, Andrew B. Taber, Bibhab K. Talukdar, Helen J. Temple, Rob Timmins, Joseph A. Tobias, Katerina Tsytsulina, Denis Tweddle, Carmen Ubeda, Sarah V. Valenti, Peter Paul van Dijk, Liza M. Veiga, Alberto Veloso, David C. Wege, Mark Wilkinson, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Feng Xie, Bruce E. Young, H. Resit Akçakaya, Leon Bennun, Tim M. Blackburn, Luigi Boitani, Holly T. Dublin, Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca, Claude Gascon, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr., Georgina M. Mace, Susan A. Mainka, Jeffery A. McNeely, Russell A. Mittermeier, Gordon McGregor Reid, Jon Paul Rodriguez, Andrew A. Rosenberg, Michael J. Samways, Jane Smart, Bruce A. Stein, Simon N. Stuart
Science : 1503-1509
Though the threat of extinction is increasing, overall declines would have been worse in the absence of conservation.
The Impact of Conservation on the Status of the World’s Vertebrates
By Michael Hoffmann, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Ariadne Angulo, Monika Böhm, Thomas M. Brooks, Stuart H. M. Butchart, Kent E. Carpenter, Janice Chanson, Ben Collen, Neil A. Cox, William R. T. Darwall, Nicholas K. Dulvy, Lucy R. Harrison, Vineet Katariya, Caroline M. Pollock, Suhel Quader, Nadia I. Richman, Ana S. L. Rodrigues, Marcelo F. Tognelli, Jean-Christophe Vié, John M. Aguiar, David J. Allen, Gerald R. Allen, Giovanni Amori, Natalia B. Ananjeva, Franco Andreone, Paul Andrew, Aida Luz Aquino Ortiz, Jonathan E. M. Baillie, Ricardo Baldi, Ben D. Bell, S. D. Biju, Jeremy P. Bird, Patricia Black-Decima, J. Julian Blanc, Federico Bolaños, Wilmar Bolivar-G., Ian J. Burfield, James A. Burton, David R. Capper, Fernando Castro, Gianluca Catullo, Rachel D. Cavanagh, Alan Channing, Ning Labbish Chao, Anna M. Chenery, Federica Chiozza, Viola Clausnitzer, Nigel J. Collar, Leah C. Collett, Bruce B. Collette, Claudia F. Cortez Fernandez, Matthew T. Craig, Michael J. Crosby, Neil Cumberlidge, Annabelle Cuttelod, Andrew E. Derocher, Arvin C. Diesmos, John S. Donaldson, J. W. Duckworth, Guy Dutson, S. K. Dutta, Richard H. Emslie, Aljos Farjon, Sarah Fowler, Jörg Freyhof, David L. Garshelis, Justin Gerlach, David J. Gower, Tandora D. Grant, Geoffrey A. Hammerson, Richard B. Harris, Lawrence R. Heaney, S. Blair Hedges, Jean-Marc Hero, Baz Hughes, Syed Ainul Hussain, Javier Icochea M., Robert F. Inger, Nobuo Ishii, Djoko T. Iskandar, Richard K. B. Jenkins, Yoshio Kaneko, Maurice Kottelat, Kit M. Kovacs, Sergius L. Kuzmin, Enrique La Marca, John F. Lamoreux, Michael W. N. Lau, Esteban O. Lavilla, Kristin Leus, Rebecca L. Lewison, Gabriela Lichtenstein, Suzanne R. Livingstone, Vimoksalehi Lukoschek, David P. Mallon, Philip J. K. McGowan, Anna McIvor, Patricia D. Moehlman, Sanjay Molur, Antonio Muñoz Alonso, John A. Musick, Kristin Nowell, Ronald A. Nussbaum, Wanda Olech, Nikolay L. Orlov, Theodore J. Papenfuss, Gabriela Parra-Olea, William F. Perrin, Beth A. Polidoro, Mohammad Pourkazemi, Paul A. Racey, James S. Ragle, Mala Ram, Galen Rathbun, Robert P. Reynolds, Anders G. J. Rhodin, Stephen J. Richards, Lily O. Rodríguez, Santiago R. Ron, Carlo Rondinini, Anthony B. Rylands, Yvonne Sadovy de Mitcheson, Jonnell C. Sanciangco, Kate L. Sanders, Georgina Santos-Barrera, Jan Schipper, Caryn Self-Sullivan, Yichuan Shi, Alan Shoemaker, Frederick T. Short, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, Débora L. Silvano, Kevin G. Smith, Andrew T. Smith, Jos Snoeks, Alison J. Stattersfield, Andrew J. Symes, Andrew B. Taber, Bibhab K. Talukdar, Helen J. Temple, Rob Timmins, Joseph A. Tobias, Katerina Tsytsulina, Denis Tweddle, Carmen Ubeda, Sarah V. Valenti, Peter Paul van Dijk, Liza M. Veiga, Alberto Veloso, David C. Wege, Mark Wilkinson, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Feng Xie, Bruce E. Young, H. Resit Akçakaya, Leon Bennun, Tim M. Blackburn, Luigi Boitani, Holly T. Dublin, Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca, Claude Gascon, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr., Georgina M. Mace, Susan A. Mainka, Jeffery A. McNeely, Russell A. Mittermeier, Gordon McGregor Reid, Jon Paul Rodriguez, Andrew A. Rosenberg, Michael J. Samways, Jane Smart, Bruce A. Stein, Simon N. Stuart
Science : 1503-1509
Though the threat of extinction is increasing, overall declines would have been worse in the absence of conservation.
