Calibrating the End-Permian Mass Extinction

Shu-zhong Shen; James L. Crowley; Yue Wang; Samuel A. Bowring; Douglas H. Erwin; Peter M. Sadler; Chang-qun Cao; Daniel H. Rothman; Charles M. Henderson; Jahandar Ramezani; Hua Zhang; Yanan Shen; Xiang-dong Wang; Wei Wang; Lin Mu; Wen-zhong Li; Yue-gang Tang; Xiao-lei Liu; Lu-jun Liu; Yong Zeng; Yao-fa Jiang; Yu-gan Jin

doi:10.1126/science.1213454

Research Article

Calibrating the End-Permian Mass Extinction

Shu-zhong Shen¹,*,
James L. Crowley²,³,
Yue Wang¹,*,
Samuel A. Bowring²,*,
Douglas H. Erwin⁴,⁵,
Peter M. Sadler⁶,
Chang-qun Cao¹,
Daniel H. Rothman²,⁷,
Charles M. Henderson⁸,
Jahandar Ramezani²,
Hua Zhang¹,
Yanan Shen¹,⁹,
Xiang-dong Wang¹,
Wei Wang¹,
Lin Mu¹,
Wen-zhong Li¹,¹⁰,
Yue-gang Tang¹¹,
Xiao-lei Liu¹,¹²,
Lu-jun Liu¹,
Yong Zeng¹³,
Yao-fa Jiang¹⁴,
Yu-gan Jin¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.
²Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02130, USA.
³Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
⁴Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013–7012, USA.
⁵Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87591, USA.
⁶Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
⁷Lorenz Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
⁸Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4.
⁹CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
¹⁰School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
¹¹Department of Geology, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing Campus, D-11 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China.
¹²University of Bremen, Leobener Street, Marum, Room 2520, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
¹³School of Resources and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221008, China.
¹⁴Jiangsu Geological Survey of Architectural Institute, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.

↵*To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail: sbowring{at}mit.edu (S.A.B.); yuewang{at}nigpas.ac.cn (Y.W.); szshen{at}nigpas.ac.cn (S.Z.S.)

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Science 09 Dec 2011:
Vol. 334, Issue 6061, pp. 1367-1372
DOI: 10.1126/science.1213454

Shu-zhong Shen

1State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.

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For correspondence: sbowring@mit.edu yuewang@nigpas.ac.cn szshen@nigpas.ac.cn

James L. Crowley

2Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02130, USA.

3Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA.

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Yue Wang

1State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.

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For correspondence: sbowring@mit.edu yuewang@nigpas.ac.cn szshen@nigpas.ac.cn

Samuel A. Bowring

2Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02130, USA.

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For correspondence: sbowring@mit.edu yuewang@nigpas.ac.cn szshen@nigpas.ac.cn

Douglas H. Erwin

4Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013–7012, USA.

5Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87591, USA.

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Peter M. Sadler

6Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.

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Chang-qun Cao

1State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.

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Daniel H. Rothman

2Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02130, USA.

7Lorenz Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.

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Charles M. Henderson

8Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4.

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Jahandar Ramezani

2Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02130, USA.

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Hua Zhang

1State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.

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Yanan Shen

1State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.

9CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.

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Xiang-dong Wang

1State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.

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Wei Wang

1State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.

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Lin Mu

1State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.

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Wen-zhong Li

1State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.

10School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.

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Yue-gang Tang

11Department of Geology, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing Campus, D-11 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China.

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Xiao-lei Liu

1State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.

12University of Bremen, Leobener Street, Marum, Room 2520, 28359 Bremen, Germany.

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Lu-jun Liu

1State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.

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Yong Zeng

13School of Resources and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221008, China.

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Yao-fa Jiang

14Jiangsu Geological Survey of Architectural Institute, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.

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Yu-gan Jin

1State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.

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