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Summary
In the chapter of The Origin of Species entitled “Difficulties on Theory,” Charles Darwin found it “most difficult to conjecture by what transitions an organ could have arrived at its present state.” On pages 1587 and 1593 of this issue, Barbosa-Morais et al. (1) and Merkin et al. (2) advance our understanding of the molecular mechanism by which the genome generates differences in organs between species. This part of the answer relies on the broken syntax of genomic messages and uncovers striking differences in how evolution shapes the different layers of gene regulation.
