Figures
Sex differences in factors that affect infection and immunity in COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 to initiate host cell entry. This activates the viral RNA sensors TLR3/7/8 and RIG-I–MDA-5, which induce secretion of IFNs and other inflammatory cytokines, leading to innate and adaptive immune responses. In each of these steps, sex differences may shape the antiviral immune response.
GRAPHIC: V. ALTOUNIAN/SCIENCE