PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Shannon, Robert V.
AU  - Zeng, Fan-Gang
AU  - Kamath, Vivek
AU  - Wygonski, John
AU  - Ekelid, Michael
TI  - Speech Recognition with Primarily Temporal Cues
AID  - 10.1126/science.270.5234.303
DP  - 1995 Oct 13
TA  - Science
PG  - 303--304
VI  - 270
IP  - 5234
4099  - http://science.sciencemag.org/content/270/5234/303.short
4100  - http://science.sciencemag.org/content/270/5234/303.full
SO  - Science1995 Oct 13; 270
AB  - Nearly perfect speech recognition was observed under conditions of greatly reduced spectral information. Temporal envelopes of speech were extracted from broad frequency bands and were used to modulate noises of the same bandwidths. This manipulation preserved temporal envelope cues in each band but restricted the listener to severely degraded information on the distribution of spectral energy. The identification of consonants, vowels, and words in simple sentences improved markedly as the number of bands increased; high speech recognition performance was obtained with only three bands of modulated noise. Thus, the presentation of a dynamic temporal pattern in only a few broad spectral regions is sufficient for the recognition of speech.