RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 20th-Century Industrial Black Carbon Emissions Altered Arctic Climate Forcing
JF Science
JO Science
FD American Association for the Advancement of Science
SP 1381
OP 1384
DO 10.1126/science.1144856
VO 317
IS 5843
A1 McConnell, Joseph R.
A1 Edwards, Ross
A1 Kok, Gregory L.
A1 Flanner, Mark G.
A1 Zender, Charles S.
A1 Saltzman, Eric S.
A1 Banta, J. Ryan
A1 Pasteris, Daniel R.
A1 Carter, Megan M.
A1 Kahl, Jonathan D. W.
YR 2007
UL http://science.sciencemag.org/content/317/5843/1381.abstract
AB Black carbon (BC) from biomass and fossil fuel combustion alters chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere and snow albedo, yet little is known about its emission or deposition histories. Measurements of BC, vanillic acid, and non–sea-salt sulfur in ice cores indicate that sources and concentrations of BC in Greenland precipitation varied greatly since 1788 as a result of boreal forest fires and industrial activities. Beginning about 1850, industrial emissions resulted in a sevenfold increase in ice-core BC concentrations, with most change occurring in winter. BC concentrations after about 1951 were lower but increasing. At its maximum from 1906 to 1910, estimated surface climate forcing in early summer from BC in Arctic snow was about 3 watts per square meter, which is eight times the typical preindustrial forcing value.